public static native double IEEEremainder(double f1,
    double f2)
Computes the remainder operation on two arguments as prescribed
by the IEEE 754 standard.
The remainder value is mathematically equal to
f1 - f2 × n,
where n is the mathematical integer closest to the exact
mathematical value of the quotient {@code f1/f2}, and if two
mathematical integers are equally close to {@code f1/f2},
then n is the integer that is even. If the remainder is
zero, its sign is the same as the sign of the first argument.
Special cases:
If either argument is NaN, or the first argument is infinite,
or the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
result is NaN.
If the first argument is finite and the second argument is
infinite, then the result is the same as the first argument.

 public static int abs(int a) 
{
        return (a <  0) ? -a : a;
}

Returns the absolute value of an {@code int} value.. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.

Note that if the argument is equal to the value of Integer#MIN_VALUE , the most negative representable {@code int} value, the result is that same value, which is negative.

 public static long abs(long a) 
{
        return (a <  0) ? -a : a;
}

Returns the absolute value of a {@code long} value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.

Note that if the argument is equal to the value of Long#MIN_VALUE , the most negative representable {@code long} value, the result is that same value, which is negative.

 public static float abs(float a) 
{
        return (a < = 0.0F) ? 0.0F - a : a;
}

Returns the absolute value of a {@code float} value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned. Special cases:
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the result is positive zero.
• If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:

{@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7fffffff & Float.floatToIntBits(a))}

 public static double abs(double a) 
{
        return (a < = 0.0D) ? 0.0D - a : a;
}

Returns the absolute value of a {@code double} value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned. Special cases:
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the result is positive zero.
• If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:

{@code Double.longBitsToDouble((Double.doubleToLongBits(a)<<1)>>>1)}

 public static native double acos(double a)
Returns the arc cosine of a value; the returned angle is in the
range 0.0 through pi. Special case:
If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater
than 1, then the result is NaN.

 public static native double asin(double a)
Returns the arc sine of a value; the returned angle is in the
range -pi/2 through pi/2. Special cases:
If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater
than 1, then the result is NaN.
If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static native double atan(double a)
Returns the arc tangent of a value; the returned angle is in the
range -pi/2 through pi/2. Special cases:
If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static native double atan2(double y,
    double x)
Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular
coordinates ({@code x}, {@code y}) to polar
coordinates (r, theta).
This method computes the phase theta by computing an arc tangent
of {@code y/x} in the range of -pi to pi. Special
cases:
If either argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
is positive, or the first argument is positive and finite and the
second argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive
zero.
If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
is positive, or the first argument is negative and finite and the
second argument is positive infinity, then the result is negative zero.
If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
is negative, or the first argument is positive and finite and the
second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the
{@code double} value closest to pi.
If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
is negative, or the first argument is negative and finite and the
second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the
{@code double} value closest to -pi.
If the first argument is positive and the second argument is
positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is positive
infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the
{@code double} value closest to pi/2.
If the first argument is negative and the second argument is
positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is negative
infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the
{@code double} value closest to -pi/2.
If both arguments are positive infinity, then the result is the
{@code double} value closest to pi/4.
If the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument
is negative infinity, then the result is the {@code double}
value closest to 3*pi/4.
If the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument
is positive infinity, then the result is the {@code double} value
closest to -pi/4.
If both arguments are negative infinity, then the result is the
{@code double} value closest to -3*pi/4.

 public static native double cbrt(double a)
Returns the cube root of a {@code double} value. For
positive finite {@code x}, {@code cbrt(-x) ==
-cbrt(x)}; that is, the cube root of a negative value is
the negative of the cube root of that value's magnitude.
Special cases:



If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.

If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity
with the same sign as the argument.

If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static native double ceil(double a)
Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity)
{@code double} value that is greater than or equal to the
argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:
If the argument value is already equal to a
mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the
argument. 
If the argument is NaN or an infinity or
positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as
the argument. 
If the argument value is less than zero but
greater than -1.0, then the result is negative zero.
 Note
that the value of {@code StrictMath.ceil(x)} is exactly the
value of {@code -StrictMath.floor(-x)}.

 public static double copySign(double magnitude,
    double sign) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.copySign(magnitude, sign);
}

Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument. For this method, a NaN {@code sign} argument is always treated as if it were positive.

 public static float copySign(float magnitude,
    float sign) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.copySign(magnitude, sign);
}

Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument. For this method, a NaN {@code sign} argument is always treated as if it were positive.

 public static native double cos(double a)
Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle. Special cases:
If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the
result is NaN.

 public static native double cosh(double x)
Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a {@code double} value.
The hyperbolic cosine of x is defined to be
(ex + e-x)/2
where e is {@linkplain Math#E Euler's number}.

Special cases:


If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.

If the argument is infinite, then the result is positive
infinity.

If the argument is zero, then the result is {@code 1.0}.

 public static native double exp(double a)
Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a
{@code double} value. Special cases:
If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
positive infinity.
If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is
positive zero.

 public static native double expm1(double x)
Returns ex -1. Note that for values of
x near 0, the exact sum of
{@code expm1(x)} + 1 is much closer to the true
result of ex than {@code exp(x)}.

Special cases:

If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.

If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
positive infinity.

If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is
-1.0.

If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static native double floor(double a)
Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity)
{@code double} value that is less than or equal to the
argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:
If the argument value is already equal to a
mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the
argument. 
If the argument is NaN or an infinity or
positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as
the argument.

 public static int getExponent(float f) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.getExponent(f);
}

Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a {@code float}. Special cases:
• If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is Float#MAX_EXPONENT + 1.
• If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is Float#MIN_EXPONENT -1.

 public static int getExponent(double d) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.getExponent(d);
}

Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a {@code double}. Special cases:
• If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is Double#MAX_EXPONENT + 1.
• If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is Double#MIN_EXPONENT -1.

 public static native double hypot(double x,
    double y)
Returns sqrt(x2 +y2)
without intermediate overflow or underflow.

Special cases:


 If either argument is infinite, then the result
is positive infinity.

 If either argument is NaN and neither argument is infinite,
then the result is NaN.

 public static native double log(double a)
Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a {@code double}
value. Special cases:
If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result
is NaN.
If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
positive infinity.
If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
result is negative infinity.

 public static native double log10(double a)
Returns the base 10 logarithm of a {@code double} value.
Special cases:

If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result
is NaN.
If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
positive infinity.
If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
result is negative infinity.
 If the argument is equal to 10n for
integer n, then the result is n.

 public static native double log1p(double x)
Returns the natural logarithm of the sum of the argument and 1.
Note that for small values {@code x}, the result of
{@code log1p(x)} is much closer to the true result of ln(1
+ {@code x}) than the floating-point evaluation of
{@code log(1.0+x)}.

Special cases:


If the argument is NaN or less than -1, then the result is
NaN.

If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
positive infinity.

If the argument is negative one, then the result is
negative infinity.

If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static int max(int a,
    int b) 
{
        return (a  >= b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the greater of two {@code int} values. That is, the result is the argument closer to the value of Integer#MAX_VALUE . If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

 public static long max(long a,
    long b) 
{
        return (a  >= b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the greater of two {@code long} values. That is, the result is the argument closer to the value of Long#MAX_VALUE . If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

 public static float max(float a,
    float b) 
{
                                                                                                                
        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0f) && (b == 0.0f)
            && (Float.floatToIntBits(a) == negativeZeroFloatBits)) {
            return b;
        }
        return (a  >= b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the greater of two {@code float} values. That is, the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the result is positive zero.

 public static double max(double a,
    double b) 
{
        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0d) && (b == 0.0d)
            && (Double.doubleToLongBits(a) == negativeZeroDoubleBits)) {
            return b;
        }
        return (a  >= b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the greater of two {@code double} values. That is, the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the result is positive zero.

 public static int min(int a,
    int b) 
{
        return (a < = b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the smaller of two {@code int} values. That is, the result the argument closer to the value of Integer#MIN_VALUE . If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

 public static long min(long a,
    long b) 
{
        return (a < = b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the smaller of two {@code long} values. That is, the result is the argument closer to the value of Long#MIN_VALUE . If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value.

 public static float min(float a,
    float b) 
{
        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0f) && (b == 0.0f)
            && (Float.floatToIntBits(b) == negativeZeroFloatBits)) {
            return b;
        }
        return (a < = b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the smaller of two {@code float} values. That is, the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero, the result is negative zero.

 public static double min(double a,
    double b) 
{
        if (a != a) return a;   // a is NaN
        if ((a == 0.0d) && (b == 0.0d)
            && (Double.doubleToLongBits(b) == negativeZeroDoubleBits)) {
            return b;
        }
        return (a < = b) ? a : b;
}

Returns the smaller of two {@code double} values. That is, the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the arguments have the same value, the result is that same value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike the numerical comparison operators, this method considers negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero, the result is negative zero.

 public static double nextAfter(double start,
    double direction) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextAfter(start, direction);
}

Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument. If both arguments compare as equal the second argument is returned.

Special cases:

• If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
• If both arguments are signed zeros, {@code direction} is returned unchanged (as implied by the requirement of returning the second argument if the arguments compare as equal).
• If {@code start} is ±Double#MIN_VALUE and {@code direction} has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as {@code start} is returned.
• If {@code start} is infinite and {@code direction} has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, Double#MAX_VALUE with the same sign as {@code start} is returned.
• If {@code start} is equal to ± Double#MAX_VALUE and {@code direction} has a value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an infinity with same sign as {@code start} is returned.

 public static float nextAfter(float start,
    double direction) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextAfter(start, direction);
}

Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument. If both arguments compare as equal a value equivalent to the second argument is returned.

Special cases:

• If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
• If both arguments are signed zeros, a value equivalent to {@code direction} is returned.
• If {@code start} is ±Float#MIN_VALUE and {@code direction} has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as {@code start} is returned.
• If {@code start} is infinite and {@code direction} has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, Float#MAX_VALUE with the same sign as {@code start} is returned.
• If {@code start} is equal to ± Float#MAX_VALUE and {@code direction} has a value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an infinity with same sign as {@code start} is returned.

 public static double nextUp(double d) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextUp(d);
}

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to {@code d} in the direction of positive infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to {@code nextAfter(d, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY)}; however, a {@code nextUp} implementation may run faster than its equivalent {@code nextAfter} call.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is zero, the result is Double#MIN_VALUE

 public static float nextUp(float f) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.nextUp(f);
}

Returns the floating-point value adjacent to {@code f} in the direction of positive infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to {@code nextAfter(f, Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY)}; however, a {@code nextUp} implementation may run faster than its equivalent {@code nextAfter} call.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is zero, the result is Float#MIN_VALUE

 public static native double pow(double a,
    double b)
Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the
second argument. Special cases:

If the second argument is positive or negative zero, then the
result is 1.0.
If the second argument is 1.0, then the result is the same as the
first argument.
If the second argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
If the first argument is NaN and the second argument is nonzero,
then the result is NaN.

If

the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1
and the second argument is positive infinity, or
the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and
the second argument is negative infinity,

then the result is positive infinity.

If

the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and
the second argument is negative infinity, or
the absolute value of the
first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is positive
infinity,

then the result is positive zero.

If the absolute value of the first argument equals 1 and the
second argument is infinite, then the result is NaN.

If

the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
is greater than zero, or
the first argument is positive infinity and the second
argument is less than zero,

then the result is positive zero.

If

the first argument is positive zero and the second argument
is less than zero, or
the first argument is positive infinity and the second
argument is greater than zero,

then the result is positive infinity.

If

the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
the first argument is negative infinity and the second
argument is less than zero but not a finite odd integer,

then the result is positive zero.

If

the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
is a positive finite odd integer, or
the first argument is negative infinity and the second
argument is a negative finite odd integer,

then the result is negative zero.

If

the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
is less than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
the first argument is negative infinity and the second
argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer,

then the result is positive infinity.

If

the first argument is negative zero and the second argument
is a negative finite odd integer, or
the first argument is negative infinity and the second
argument is a positive finite odd integer,

then the result is negative infinity.

If the first argument is finite and less than zero

 if the second argument is a finite even integer, the
result is equal to the result of raising the absolute value of
the first argument to the power of the second argument

if the second argument is a finite odd integer, the result
is equal to the negative of the result of raising the absolute
value of the first argument to the power of the second
argument

if the second argument is finite and not an integer, then
the result is NaN.


If both arguments are integers, then the result is exactly equal
to the mathematical result of raising the first argument to the power
of the second argument if that result can in fact be represented
exactly as a {@code double} value.

(In the foregoing descriptions, a floating-point value is
considered to be an integer if and only if it is finite and a
fixed point of the method  ceil  or,
equivalently, a fixed point of the method 
floor . A value is a fixed point of a one-argument
method if and only if the result of applying the method to the
value is equal to the value.)

 public static double random() 
{
        if (randomNumberGenerator == null) initRNG();
        return randomNumberGenerator.nextDouble();
}

Returns a {@code double} value with a positive sign, greater than or equal to {@code 0.0} and less than {@code 1.0}. Returned values are chosen pseudorandomly with (approximately) uniform distribution from that range.

When this method is first called, it creates a single new pseudorandom-number generator, exactly as if by the expression

{@code new java.util.Random}

This new pseudorandom-number generator is used thereafter for all calls to this method and is used nowhere else.

This method is properly synchronized to allow correct use by more than one thread. However, if many threads need to generate pseudorandom numbers at a great rate, it may reduce contention for each thread to have its own pseudorandom number generator.

 public static double rint(double a) 
{
        /*
         * If the absolute value of a is not less than 2^52, it
         * is either a finite integer (the double format does not have
         * enough significand bits for a number that large to have any
         * fractional portion), an infinity, or a NaN.  In any of
         * these cases, rint of the argument is the argument.
         *
         * Otherwise, the sum (twoToThe52 + a ) will properly round
         * away any fractional portion of a since ulp(twoToThe52) ==
         * 1.0; subtracting out twoToThe52 from this sum will then be
         * exact and leave the rounded integer portion of a.
         *
         * This method does *not* need to be declared strictfp to get
         * fully reproducible results.  Whether or not a method is
         * declared strictfp can only make a difference in the
         * returned result if some operation would overflow or
         * underflow with strictfp semantics.  The operation
         * (twoToThe52 + a ) cannot overflow since large values of a
         * are screened out; the add cannot underflow since twoToThe52
         * is too large.  The subtraction ((twoToThe52 + a ) -
         * twoToThe52) will be exact as discussed above and thus
         * cannot overflow or meaningfully underflow.  Finally, the
         * last multiply in the return statement is by plus or minus
         * 1.0, which is exact too.
         */
        double twoToThe52 = (double)(1L < <  52); // 2^52
        double sign = FpUtils.rawCopySign(1.0, a); // preserve sign info
        a = Math.abs(a);
        if (a <  twoToThe52) { // E_min < = ilogb(a) < = 51
            a = ((twoToThe52 + a ) - twoToThe52);
        }
        return sign * a; // restore original sign
}

Returns the {@code double} value that is closest in value to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. If two {@code double} values that are mathematical integers are equally close to the value of the argument, the result is the integer value that is even. Special cases:
• If the argument value is already equal to a mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the argument.
• If the argument is NaN or an infinity or positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

 public static int round(float a) 
{
        return (int)floor(a + 0.5f);
}

Returns the closest {@code int} to the argument. The result is rounded to an integer by adding 1/2, taking the floor of the result, and casting the result to type {@code int}. In other words, the result is equal to the value of the expression:

{@code (int)Math.floor(a + 0.5f)}

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
• If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or equal to the value of {@code Integer.MIN_VALUE}, the result is equal to the value of {@code Integer.MIN_VALUE}.
• If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or equal to the value of {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}, the result is equal to the value of {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}.

 public static long round(double a) 
{
        return (long)floor(a + 0.5d);
}

Returns the closest {@code long} to the argument. The result is rounded to an integer by adding 1/2, taking the floor of the result, and casting the result to type {@code long}. In other words, the result is equal to the value of the expression:

{@code (long)Math.floor(a + 0.5d)}

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
• If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or equal to the value of {@code Long.MIN_VALUE}, the result is equal to the value of {@code Long.MIN_VALUE}.
• If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or equal to the value of {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}, the result is equal to the value of {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}.

 public static double scalb(double d,
    int scaleFactor) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.scalb(d, scaleFactor);
}

Return {@code d} × 2^{{@code scaleFactor}} rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the double value set. See the Java Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point value sets. If the exponent of the result is between Double#MIN_EXPONENT and Double#MAX_EXPONENT , the answer is calculated exactly. If the exponent of the result would be larger than {@code Double.MAX_EXPONENT}, an infinity is returned. Note that if the result is subnormal, precision may be lost; that is, when {@code scalb(x, n)} is subnormal, {@code scalb(scalb(x, n), -n)} may not equal x. When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same sign as {@code d}.

Special cases:

• If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
• If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the same sign is returned.
• If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same sign is returned.

 public static float scalb(float f,
    int scaleFactor) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.scalb(f, scaleFactor);
}

Return {@code f} × 2^{{@code scaleFactor}} rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the float value set. See the Java Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point value sets. If the exponent of the result is between Float#MIN_EXPONENT and Float#MAX_EXPONENT , the answer is calculated exactly. If the exponent of the result would be larger than {@code Float.MAX_EXPONENT}, an infinity is returned. Note that if the result is subnormal, precision may be lost; that is, when {@code scalb(x, n)} is subnormal, {@code scalb(scalb(x, n), -n)} may not equal x. When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same sign as {@code f}.

Special cases:

• If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
• If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the same sign is returned.
• If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same sign is returned.

 public static double signum(double d) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.signum(d);
}

Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0 if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0 if the argument is less than zero.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

 public static float signum(float f) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.signum(f);
}

Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0f if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0f if the argument is less than zero.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

 public static native double sin(double a)
Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle. Special cases:
If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the
result is NaN.
If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static native double sinh(double x)
Returns the hyperbolic sine of a {@code double} value.
The hyperbolic sine of x is defined to be
(ex - e-x)/2
where e is {@linkplain Math#E Euler's number}.

Special cases:


If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.

If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity
with the same sign as the argument.

If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static native double sqrt(double a)
Returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a
{@code double} value.
Special cases:
If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result
is NaN.
If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive
infinity.
If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
result is the same as the argument.
Otherwise, the result is the {@code double} value closest to
the true mathematical square root of the argument value.

 public static native double tan(double a)
Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle. Special cases:
If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result
is NaN.
If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

 public static native double tanh(double x)
Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a {@code double} value.
The hyperbolic tangent of x is defined to be
(ex - e-x)/(ex + e-x),
in other words, {@linkplain Math#sinh
sinh(x)}/{@linkplain Math#cosh cosh(x)}. Note
that the absolute value of the exact tanh is always less than
1.

Special cases:


If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.

If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
same sign as the argument.

If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is
{@code +1.0}.

If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is
{@code -1.0}.

 public static double toDegrees(double angrad) 
{
        return angrad * 180.0 / PI;
}

Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees. The conversion from radians to degrees is generally inexact; users should not expect {@code cos(toRadians(90.0))} to exactly equal {@code 0.0}.

 public static double toRadians(double angdeg) 
{
                                                                  
        return angdeg / 180.0 * PI;
}

Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians. The conversion from degrees to radians is generally inexact.

 public static double ulp(double d) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.ulp(d);
}

Returns the size of an ulp of the argument. An ulp of a {@code double} value is the positive distance between this floating-point value and the {@code double} value next larger in magnitude. Note that for non-NaN x, ulp(-x) == ulp(x).

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is {@code Double.MIN_VALUE}.
• If the argument is ±{@code Double.MAX_VALUE}, then the result is equal to 2⁹⁷¹.

 public static float ulp(float f) 
{
        return sun.misc.FpUtils.ulp(f);
}

Returns the size of an ulp of the argument. An ulp of a {@code float} value is the positive distance between this floating-point value and the {@code float} value next larger in magnitude. Note that for non-NaN x, ulp(-x) == ulp(x).

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is {@code Float.MIN_VALUE}.
• If the argument is ±{@code Float.MAX_VALUE}, then the result is equal to 2¹⁰⁴.